Territorial Extent of Admiralty Jurisdiction

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Article III, Section 2, Clause 1:

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States; between a State and Citizens of another State, between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

Among the earlier suits between states, the suit between New Jersey and New York1 is significant for applying a rule laid down earlier in Chisholm v. Georgia (i.e., that the Supreme Court may proceed ex parte if a state refuses to appear when duly summoned). The long drawn out litigation between Rhode Island and Massachusetts is also significant for its rulings: that, although the Constitution does not extend the judicial power to all controversies between states, it does not exclude any;2 that a boundary dispute is a justiciable and not a political question;3 and that a prescribed rule of decision is unnecessary in such cases. On the last point, Justice Henry Baldwin stated:

The submission by the sovereigns, or states, to a court of law or equity, of a controversy between them, without prescribing any rule of decision, gives power to decide according to the appropriate law of the case (11 Ves. 294); which depends on the subject-matter, the source and nature of the claims of the parties, and the law which governs them. From the time of such submission, the question ceases to be a political one, to be decided by the sic volo, sic jubeo, of political power; it comes to the court, to be decided by its judgment, legal discretion and solemn consideration of the rules of law appropriate to its nature as a judicial question, depending on the exercise of judicial power; as it is bound to act by known and settled principles of national or municipal jurisprudence, as the case requires.4

1: New Jersey v. New York, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 284 (1831).
2: Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 37 U.S. (12 Pet.) 657, 721 (1838)
3: 37 U.S. at 736–37.
4: Id. at 737. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney dissented because of his belief that the issue was not one of property in the soil, but of sovereignty and jurisdiction, and hence political. Id. at 752–53. For different reasons, it should be noted, a suit between private parties respecting soil or jurisdiction of two states, to which neither state is a party, does not come within the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Fowler v. Lindsey, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 411 (1799). For recent boundary cases, see United States v. Maine (Rhode Island and New York Boundary Case), 469 U.S. 504 (1985); United States v. Louisiana (Alabama and Mississippi Boundary Case), 470 U.S. 93 (1985); United States v. Maine, 475 U.S. 89 (1986); Georgia v. South Carolina, 497 U.S. 336 (1990); Mississippi v. Louisiana, 506 U.S. 73 (1992).